Apical dose versus volume dose of Ruthenium-106 brachytherapy for uveal melanoma.

OBJECTIVE: Ruthenium-106 brachytherapy is commonly used to treat uveal melanomas. Most centres prescribe a radiation dose to the tumour apex that is calculated with the tumour located in the centre of the plaque. Recent work suggests that D99%-the minimum radiation dose delivered to 99% of tumour volume-may be a better predictor of tumour control than apex dose. Both dosing regimens may be affected by tumour and treatment variables differently. We explored the effect of differences in these variables on volume and apex dose using a 3-dimensional planning model. METHODS: The time required to deliver 100 Gy to the tumour apices of representative tumours ranging from 2- to 6-mm thickness with central plaque positioning was calculated in Plaque Simulator™. This treatment time was used for further calculations, including D99% with central plaque placement, and apical and tumour volume doses when tumour and plaque characteristics were altered, including eccentric plaque placement, either away from (tilt) or along (offset) scleral surface, tumour shape, and plaque type. RESULTS: D99% was always greater than the apex dose when plaques were placed centrally, and the difference increased with tumour thickness. Increasing degrees of tumour offset reduced apical dose and D99%, with a greater effect on apical dose for thicker and D99% for thinner tumours, respectively. Differences in tumour shape and plaque type had idiosyncratic effects on apical and volume dosing. CONCLUSION: D99% and apex dose are affected by tumour and treatment characteristics in different ways, highlighting the complexity of radiation delivery to uveal tumours.

Unexpected effects of urban food activism on community and human wellbeing.

Participation in urban agriculture conducted through community gardens and allotments is known for its benefits to physical and mental health. Due to the recognition of these benefits, which include reduction of stress, depression and anxiety, such participation is increasingly being prescribed as a non-medical health intervention. Community gardens have the added advantage of immersion into a community, without the often-long waiting lists and level of commitment involved in allotment tenancies. What has not been explored is the demanding nature of the commitment required by volunteer coordinators, and ironically, the negative effects it can have on their wellbeing. In a study of food activism in Aberdeen, UK, we conducted 21 semi-structured interviews with participants from a range of bodies involved in the city's food growing projects. From the spectrum of food growers, we found that volunteer coordinators of community gardens experienced the greatest burdens on their time and wellbeing, with their demanding multi-functional roles leading to fatigue and feelings of over-commitment. Other problems encountered by community gardeners were over-reliance on grant funding and the disproportionate impacts of COVID closures on vulnerable groups. Policy interventions are required to reduce dependency on competitive grant funding and to support both coordinators and the long-term sustainability of community gardens.

Implementation evaluation of an early notification care bundle for patients with hip fracture (eHIP).

BACKGROUND: Hip fracture in older adults results in significant mortality and is one of the costliest fall-related injuries. The Australian Commission for Quality and Safety in Health Care hip fracture clinical care standards consolidate the best available evidence for managing this patient group however uptake is variable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of a multidisciplinary early activation mechanism and bundle of care (eHIP) on patient and health service outcomes. METHODS: This controlled pre-and post-test study was conducted from June 2019 - June 2021 at a large regional hospital in Australia. We hypothesised that eHIP would result in at least 50% of hip fracture patients receiving six or more components of the ACSQHC Hip Fracture Clinical Care Standard. Secondary outcomes include hospital-acquired complication rates and acute treatment costs. RESULTS: There were 565 cases included for analysis. After implementation of eHIP (the post-period) 88% of patients received a correct activation of the eHIP pathway, sustained over 12 months. The proportion of patients receiving the primary outcome of six or more components increased from 36% to 49%. Care at presentation (pain and cognitive assessment) increased by 23% and unrestricted mobilisation within 24h improved by 10%. Prescription of appropriate analgesia improved 10-fold (5.2% to 57%) and patients receiving the gold standard fascia iliaca block increased from 68% to 88%. Acute treatment costs did not significantly change. CONCLUSION: eHIP, a hip fracture care program incorporating evidence-based behaviour change theory resulted in sustained improvements to patient care as recommended by the ACSQHC Hip Fracture Clinical Care Standard.

Globe Salvage and Vision Preservation by Neoadjuvant Darovasertib and Crizotinib in Uveal Melanoma.

PURPOSE: To report the effective use of neoadjuvant darovasertib and crizotinib in a patient with a large uveal melanoma (UM) in his only functional eye. DESIGN: Case report. SUBJECTS: One patient with T4b UM. INTERVENTION: Neoadjuvant darovasertib and crizotinib, followed by plaque brachytherapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Objective tumor response and conversion from planned enucleation to placement of fovea- and optic nerve-sparing plaque brachytherapy. RESULTS: A patient with a history of left eye blindness from retinal artery occlusion presented with rapidly declining right eye vision due to a primary UM measuring 18 mm in maximal diameter and 16.5 mm in maximal thickness. To salvage vision, neoadjuvant treatment was initiated using darovasertib and crizotinib. After 6 months of neoadjuvant treatment, which included intraocular lens replacement for tumor-associated cataract, the tumor regressed to 14.1 mm in maximal diameter and 2.6 mm in maximal thickness, enabling treatment with plaque brachytherapy rather than enucleation. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of darovasertib and crizotinib for UM is an effective neoadjuvant strategy that warrants further investigation as an approach to improve visual outcomes from the treatment of primary UM. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The other authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Predictability of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in preoperative elderly hip fracture patients for post-operative short-term complications: a retrospective study.

PURPOSE: Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) is a simple biomarker of systemic inflammatory response. We investigated predictability of NLR for early adverse outcome after surgery for hip fracture in elderly population. METHODS: We reviewed a total of 971 elderly patients with hip fracture who underwent emergency surgery between January 2017 and July 2020 in the Department of Orthopaedics Surgery at the Wollongong Hospital. After considering exclusion criteria, data from a total of 834 patients included in our study. Socio-demographic data, NLR in admission, updated Charlson comorbidity index (uCCI), biochemical markers, mortality rate and 15 short term post-operative complications were collected to determine predictability of NLR for post-operative complications and mortality. RESULTS: After hip surgery, Hospital in-patient case fatality rate was 3.7% (31). In addition, 63.1% (511) of the patients had at least one complication or more. Logistic regression demonstrated that raised NLR (P-value < 0.001, OR 1.05) and uCCI≥4 (P-Value < 0.001, OR 1.75) are associated with post-operative complications. Moreover, decreased haemoglobin was associated with adverse effects (P-value < 0.001, OR 0.97). No association was found for any of these variables with in-patient mortality except for albumin (P-value: 0.03). In addition, despite significant association, ROC analyses showed a low predictability for each of the above variables including NLR (AUC 0.59) for post-operative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Despite significant association, NLR was unable to prognosticate early adverse outcomes. However, it can be considered as a risk factor in admission for postoperative complications in combination with other risk factors and clinical context.

Quantifying the effect of eccentric ruthenium plaque placement on tumor volume dose.

Purpose: Ruthenium-106 brachytherapy is a common treatment for small to medium-sized uveal melanomas. In certain clinical contexts, plaques may be placed eccentrically to tumor center. The effect of plaque decentration, a common radiation dose measurement in radiotherapy: D98%, the percentage of the tumor volume receiving at least 98% of the prescribed dose (a commonly used term in radiation oncology), is unknown. We investigated this using two commonly used plaques (CCA and CCB; Eckert & Ziegler, BEBIG GmbH) in silico. Material and methods: Using a Plaque Simulator™ (Eye Physics) plaque modelling software, treatment time required to deliver 100 Gy D98% with central plaque placement was calculated for both plaque models, treating tumors with basal dimensions of 10 mm (CCB plaque only) and 7 mm (CCA and CCB plaques), and a range of thicknesses. D98% was calculated for plaque-tumor edge distances of 0-5 mm. Additionally, we defined minimum plaque-tumor edge distances, at which D98% fell by 10% and 5% (safety margins). Results: D98% decreased as plaque-tumor edge distance decreased, i.e. as plaque eccentricity increased. Minor (< 1 mm) plaque decentration caused minimal D98% changes across tumor thicknesses. Safety margins did not follow a consistent pattern. Conclusions: Eccentric plaque placement reduces the radiation dose delivered to choroidal tumors. Both tumor (thickness, diameter) and plaque (size, location) characteristics are important D98% modulators. Further investigation of the effect of these characteristics and dose to organs at risk is essential.

Case Series: Presumed Choroidal Melanoma Diagnosis Expedited by Documented Growth on Serial Optical Coherence Tomography.

SIGNIFICANCE: These cases highlight the importance of monitoring choroidal nevi with benign imaging characteristics and the potential to quantify horizontal growth using optical coherence tomography (OCT), in the absence of color fundus photography. PURPOSE: This study aimed to present reports of two patients with pigmented choroidal tumors with low malignant potential based on their multimodal imaging features at the time of referral, but access to prior OCT imaging confirmed horizontal growth consistent with melanoma. CASE REPORTS: Two patients with pigmented, dome-shaped, subfoveal tumors were referred. Both tumors had basal diameters greater than 5 mm but no other risk factor for growth at the time of referral. Screening OCT scans had been taken of each patient's macula more than 5 years before referral, but color fundus photography was not available for either. Repeat OCT scanning at the time of referral showed horizontal growth of the tumors consistent with melanoma. As per the "To Find Small Ocular Melanoma-Do Imaging" risk factor assessment, the 5-year risk of growth of both tumors would be estimated at 11% at the time of referral, and in the absence of the documented horizontal growth on OCT scanning, the patients would have been monitored for growth. After discussion of the risks and benefits, both patients elected for their tumors to be managed as choroidal melanomas and underwent ruthenium plaque brachytherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Horizontal growth of choroidal tumors can be established using sequential OCT scans in the absence of color fundus photography. Access to prior imaging can expedite the diagnosis of choroidal melanoma, potentially allowing patients to be treated earlier.

Insurance Issues as Secondary Stressors Following Flooding in Rural Australia-A Mixed Methods Study.

Flood events can be dramatic and traumatic. People exposed to floods are liable to suffer from a variety of adverse mental health outcomes. The adverse effects of stressors during the recovery process (secondary stressors) can sometimes be just as severe as the initial trauma. Six months after extensive flooding in rural Australia, a survey of 2530 locals was conducted focusing on their flood experiences and mental health status. This mixed methods study analysed (a) quantitative data from 521 respondents (21% of total survey respondents) who had insurance coverage and whose household was inundated, 96 (18%) of whom reported an insurance dispute or denial; and (b) qualitative data on insurance-related topics in the survey's open comments sections. The mental health outcomes were all significantly associated with the degree of flood inundation. The association was strong for probable PTSD and ongoing distress (Adjusted Odds Ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals 2.67 (1.8-4.0) and 2.30 (1.6-3.3), respectively). The associations were less strong but still significant for anxiety and depression (AORs 1.79 (1.2-2.7) and 1.84 (1.2-2.9)). The secondary stressor of insurance dispute had stronger associations with ongoing distress and depression than the initial flood exposure (AORs 2.43 (1.5-3.9) and 2.34 (1.4-3.9), respectively). Insurance was frequently mentioned in the open comment sections of the survey. Most comments (78% of comments from all survey respondents) were negative, with common adverse trends including dispute/denial, large premium increases after a claim, inconsistencies in companies' responses and delayed assessments preventing timely remediation.

Defining High-risk Retinoblastoma: A Multicenter Global Survey.

IMPORTANCE: High-risk histopathologic features of retinoblastoma are useful to assess the risk of systemic metastasis. In this era of globe salvage treatments for retinoblastoma, the definition of high-risk retinoblastoma is evolving. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate variations in the definition of high-risk histopathologic features for metastasis of retinoblastoma in different ocular oncology practices around the world. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: An electronic web-based, nonvalidated 10-question survey was sent in December 2020 to 52 oncologists and pathologists treating retinoblastoma at referral retinoblastoma centers. INTERVENTION: Anonymized survey about the definition of high-risk histopathologic features for metastasis of retinoblastoma. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: High-risk histopathologic features that determine further treatment with adjuvant systemic chemotherapy to prevent metastasis. RESULTS: Among the 52 survey recipients, the results are based on the responses from 27 individuals (52%) from 24 different retinoblastoma practices across 16 countries in 6 continents. The following were considered to be high-risk features: postlaminar optic nerve infiltration (27 [100%]), involvement of optic nerve transection (27 [100%]), extrascleral tissue infiltration (27 [100%]), massive (≥3 mm) choroidal invasion (25 [93%]), microscopic scleral infiltration (23 [85%]), ciliary body infiltration (20 [74%]), trabecular meshwork invasion (18 [67%]), iris infiltration (17 [63%]), anterior chamber seeds (14 [52%]), laminar optic nerve infiltration (13 [48%]), combination of prelaminar and laminar optic nerve infiltration and minor choroidal invasion (11 [41%]), minor (<3 mm) choroidal invasion (5 [19%]), and prelaminar optic nerve infiltration (2 [7%]). The other histopathologic features considered high risk included Schlemm canal invasion (4 [15%]) and severe anaplasia (1 [4%]). Four respondents (15%) said that the presence of more than 1 high-risk feature, especially a combination of massive peripapillary choroidal invasion and postlaminar optic nerve infiltration, should be considered very high risk for metastasis. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Responses to this nonvalidated survey conducted in 2020-2021 showed little uniformity in the definition of high-risk retinoblastoma. Postlaminar optic nerve infiltration, involvement of optic nerve transection, and extrascleral tumor extension were the only features uniformly considered as high risk for metastasis across all oncology practices. These findings suggest that the relevance about their value in the current scenario with advanced disease being treated conservatively needs further evaluation; there is also a need to arrive at consensus definitions and conduct prospective multicenter studies to understand their relevance.

Biopsy for molecular risk stratification in uveal melanoma: Yields and molecular characteristics in 119 patients.

BACKGROUND: Prognostic cytological and molecular features of uveal melanoma have been well researched and are essential in management. Samples can be obtained in vivo through fine needle aspirate biopsy, vitrector cutter, forceps or post-enucleation for off-site testing. This study aims to examine cytological and chromosome microarray yields of these samples. METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis of 119 uveal melanoma biopsies submitted to our laboratory. Samples included those taken in vivo (n = 57) and post-enucleation (n = 62). Patient and tumour features were collected including age, sex, primary tumour location, basal diameter and tumour height. Prognostic outcomes measured include cell morphology, chromosomal status and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Post-enucleation biopsies accounted for just over half of our samples (52%). Post-enucleation samples had a more successful genetic yield than in vivo biopsies (77% vs. 50%, p = 0.04) though there was no difference for cytological yields. There was no difference in cytological or microarray yields between instruments. The vitrector biopsy group had the smallest tumour thickness (5 mm vs. 10 mm [fine-needle aspirate biopsy], p = 0.003). There was a strong correlation between monosomy 3, BAP1 aberrancy and epithelioid cell type in post-enucleation samples (Tb  = 0.742, p = 0.005). However, epithelioid morphology was not associated with either monosomy 3 (p = 0.07) or BAP1 aberrancy (p = 0.24) for in vivo biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: All three biopsy instruments provide similar cytological yields as post-enucleation sampling, although post-enucleation samples had a more successful chromosome microarray yield. Epithelioid cytomorphology alone is insufficient for prognostication in in vivo biopsies, immunohistochemistry would be a useful surrogate test.

Development of an Early Activation Hip Fracture Care Bundle and Implementation Strategy to Improve Adherence to the National Hip Fracture Clinical Care Standard.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and implement a multidisciplinary early activation mechanism and bundle of care (eHIP) to improve adherence to ACSQHC standards in a regional trauma centre. METHODS: Barriers to implementation were categorised using the Theoretical Domains Framework, then linked to specific strategies guided by the Behaviour Change Wheel and Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy (BCTT). The resulting implementation strategies were assessed using Affordable, Practical, Effective, Acceptable, had Side-effects (APEASE) criteria. RESULTS: Eighty-three barriers to implementation of the hip fracture care bundle were identified. The behaviour change wheel process resulted in the identification of 41 techniques to address these barriers. The predominant mechanisms to achieve this were development and implementation of 1) formal policy that outlines eHIP roles; 2) video promotion; 3) pager group; 4) fascia iliaca block enabling; 5) eMR modifications; 6) face-to-face reinforcement and modelling; 7) communication and prompts; 8) environmental restructuring. CONCLUSION: We applied behaviour change theory through a pragmatic evidence-based process. This resulted in a codesigned strategy to overcome staff and organisational barriers to the implementation of a multidisciplinary early activation mechanism and bundle of care (eHIP). Future work will include evaluation of the uptake and clinical impact of the care bundle.

Cross sectional analysis of depression amongst Australian rural business owners following cyclone-related flooding.

BACKGROUND: Flooding is an increasingly prevalent natural hazard worldwide and can have a profound impact on the mental health of those directly and indirectly affected. Little is known about the impact on business owners, who may be particularly vulnerable to the mental health complications of flooding given the additional economic stressors. METHODS: A large cross-sectional survey was conducted six months after severe flooding in the rural Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia in 2017. The survey assessed demographics, probable depression (using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2), flood exposure, flood-related financial factors, prior flood exposure and support from various organisations. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of probable depression in 653 of the 745 participants who identified as business owners. RESULTS: The prevalence of probable depression in our sample was 17.0%. A quarter (25.1%) of business owners whose business was flooded suffered from probable depression, compared to 12.4% of non-flooded business owners. The multivariable model for probable depression demonstrated elevated adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for business owners who had to evacuate their business (AOR = 2.11, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.25-3.57) compared to those who did not evacuate. Insurance disputes/rejections were a strong predictor for probable depression (AOR = 3.76, CI 1.86-7.60). Those whose income was reduced due to the flood and had not returned to normal six months post-flood demonstrated an increased AOR for probable depression (AOR 2.53, CI 1.26-5.07) compared to those whose income had returned to normal. The univariable analysis found elevated crude odds ratios (OR) for the cumulative effect of multiple flood exposures and unmet support needs by the state government (OR = 2.74, CI 1.12-6.68). The majority of business owners felt their needs were not met by most organisations providing flood-related support. CONCLUSION: The impact of flood exposure and flood-related financial factors on probable depression was highly significant for the business owner population. Furthermore, business owners felt under-supported by flood-related services. These findings highlight the vulnerability of exposed business owners and the need for increased support. Disaster planning programs in conjunction with system level changes such as infrastructure and education are vital for disaster preparedness.

Student paramedic perceptions of a non-ambulance practice learning experience.

BACKGROUND: The role of the paramedic has changed significantly over the last 10 years. In order for paramedic students to gain the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively manage the increasing complexity of patient presentations a wide range of placement opportunities are required to support learning. OBJECTIVE: To explore first year student paramedic experiences of non-ambulance placements. DESIGN: A qualitative study. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis was used to explore first year student paramedic's experiences of non-ambulance placements. The study took place in one higher education institution in England, UK. RESULTS: Thirty-three first year BSc (hons) Paramedic Science students agreed to be interviewed. All the students had undertaken at least one non-ambulance placement within a hospital setting. Four key themes that emerged from the transcripts, Expectations, The Patient Journey, Communication and Mentorship. CONCLUSION: In order to prepare students for the future, to deliver quality care and to improve patient outcomes a variety of educational opportunities is crucial. There remains work to be done supporting clinical mentors, tearing down barriers between professional groups and exploring our similarities and strengths.

Epidemiology and Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Cattle in Northern Climates.

Parasite species infecting cattle throughout northern North American are generally the same as those found throughout North America. Throughout Canada, cattle are primarily infected with Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora, whose larvae survive cold winters within soil of pastures. Overwintering larvae of these species maintain a temporary population of refugia available in spring to grazing cattle. Cattle from northern United States are also infected with Cooperia punctata and Haemonchus placei, whose larvae cannot survive cold winters within pastures. Anthelmintics with persistent activity are used during spring to recover some of these losses; however, anthelmintic resistance limits effectiveness of this strategy.

What birthweight percentile is associated with optimal perinatal mortality and childhood education outcomes?

BACKGROUND: Small for gestational age, defined as birthweight <10th percentile for gestational age, is known to be associated with clinically meaningful impairments in health and development. The effects of variation within the normal range of birthweight percentile on perinatal mortality and childhood education remain less well defined. OBJECTIVE: We sought to quantify the association among birthweight percentile, perinatal mortality, and educational outcomes and to determine the optimal birthweight percentile for those outcomes in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australian children. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study. Perinatal data for all children born in the Northern Territory, Australia, from 1999 through 2008 were linked to measures of educational attainment at age 8-9 years. Multivariable analysis was used to determine the optimal birthweight percentile for low perinatal mortality and high reading and numeracy scores. RESULTS: The birth cohort contained 35,239 births (42% Aboriginal), of which 11,214 had linked and valid education records. Median birthweight percentile was 29.2 in Aboriginal infants and 44.0 in non-Aboriginal infants. The odds of perinatal mortality decreased by 4% with each 1-percentile increase birthweight percentile overall (adjusted odds ratio, 0.96; P = .000) and lowest mortality rates were at the 61st and 78th percentile in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal infants, respectively. Although birthweights <10th percentile were associated with greatly increased odds of perinatal mortality, the increased risk extended well beyond this cut-off. Birthweight percentile was also positively correlated with scores in reading (P = .000) and numeracy (P = .000). In non-Aboriginal children, reading and numeracy scores peaked at the 66th percentile, but for Aboriginal children there was continuous benefit with increasing birthweight percentile. Birthweight percentile explained 1% of the variation in education outcomes, with much greater variation explained by other perinatal and sociodemographic factors. CONCLUSION: Birthweights between the 50th-93rd percentiles were most consistently associated with both low perinatal mortality and high reading and numeracy scores, suggesting that small for gestational age does not sufficiently capture the risks associated with variation in fetal growth. Our data indicate that the effect of birthweight percentile accounts for 1% of variation in perinatal and education outcomes.

Not Your Typical Alcohol Accord: The Long-Term Impact of a Voluntary Liquor Agreement in a Small Australian Town.

BACKGROUND: The town of Norseman introduced a Voluntary Liquor Agreement (voluntary restrictions on alcohol sales) in 2008, to reduce problematic drinking. This study examined its long-term impact. METHODS: Quantitative data on alcohol (cask wine, fortified wine, spirits) wholesale sales, hospital emergency visits and alcohol related offenses were compared from before to after the introduction of the restrictions. Qualitative interview data were collected from 10 key informants and from focus groups with Indigenous residents. RESULTS: Consumption of cask wine declined in the short and long term. Fortified wine consumption did not change in the short term, but declined in the long term. Spirit consumption did not change in the short term, but increased in the long term. Total beverage consumption did not change at any time. There was no change in hospital emergency visits. There was a decline in Indigenous and non-Indigenous burglary and assault offenses, and a decline in Indigenous domestic violence. Police tasking (callouts) declined. Key informants and focus group participants indicated the behavior of drinkers, alcohol consumption, alcohol harms and community climate had all improved. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that alcohol restrictions, backed by the community, can have a long-term impact on local alcohol problems.

The experiences of women with polycystic ovary syndrome on a very low-calorie diet.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is variously reported to affect between 5% and 26% of reproductive age women in the UK and accounts for up to 75% of women attending fertility clinics due to anovulation. The first-line treatment option for overweight/obese women with PCOS is diet and lifestyle interventions. However, optimal dietary guidelines are missing, with very little research having been done in this area. This paper presents the findings from a qualitative study (using semistructured interviews) of ten obese women who had PCOS and who had used LighterLife Total (LLT), a commercial weight loss program which utilizes a very low-calorie diet in conjunction with behavioral change therapy underpinned by group support. We investigated the women's history of obesity, their experiences of other diets compared with LLT, and the on-going impact that this has had on their lives. Findings show that most women reported greater success using this weight loss program in terms of achieving and maintaining weight loss when compared with other diets. Furthermore, all the women nominated LLT as their model weight loss intervention with only a few modifications.

Superselective intra-arterial chemotherapy for advanced retinoblastoma complicated by metastatic disease.

We present a case of a child with unilateral group E retinoblastoma (according to the International Classification of Retinoblastoma) who received superselective intra-arterial chemotherapy as primary therapy. Although the tumor showed signs of regression, the patient developed orbital metastases requiring surgical excision and chemotherapy. Eventually the affected eye progressed to total retinal detachment and required enucleation.

Impact of perinatal health and socio-demographic factors on school education outcomes: A population study of Indigenous and non-Indigenous children in the Northern Territory.

AIM: This study investigated the association between early-life risk factors and school education outcomes. METHODS: This is an historical cohort study of 7601 children (61% were Indigenous) born in the Northern Territory between 1999 and 2004. Information was linked, for each child on: perinatal health, student enrolment and National Assessment Program - Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) Year 3 results. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between selected risk factors and a NAPLAN result 'below' the national minimum standard (NMS) in reading and numeracy. RESULTS: Indigenous children had much higher odds, than non-Indigenous children, of a result below the NMS for both reading (odds ratio (OR): 8.58, 95% confidence interval (CI): 7.55-9.74) ) and numeracy (OR: 11.52, 95% CI: 9.94-13.35). When adjusted for all other variables, the increased odds were attenuated for both reading (OR: 2.89, 95% CI: 2.46-3.40) and numeracy (OR: 3.19, 95% CI: 2.65-3.84). Common risk factors for Indigenous and non-Indigenous children included higher birth order, maternal smoking in pregnancy and being a boy. There were gradients of decreasing risk with increasing education level of primary care giver and increasing maternal age. Among Indigenous children only, risks increased when living in remote areas, with younger age (<8 years) and low birthweight. CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights that many of the risk factors associated with poor education outcomes among Indigenous children are shared with the general population. The results inform a targeted, cross-agency response to address modifiable early-life risk factors for educational disadvantage. Data linkage, using existing administrative datasets, provides a useful addition to methods that identify priority areas for prevention and early intervention.